Limiting brute force attacks against dispersed credentials in a distributed storage system

ABSTRACT

A method for execution by one or more processing modules of one or more computing devices of a dispersed storage network (DSN), the method begins by performing a key derivation function on a password to produce a key and issuing a set of blinded passwords to a set of storage units, where the blinded passwords are generated based on the key. The method continues by receiving at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses, where each of the confidential information responses includes an encrypted encoded data slice and an associated passkey, regenerating a set of keys using the associated passkeys of the confidential information, decrypting a set of encrypted slices of the confidential information using the set of keys to reproduce a set of encoded data slices, and dispersed storage error decoding a decode threshold number of the set of reproduced encoded data slices to produce recovered data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 15/827,073, entitled “MIGRATING DATA IN A DISTRIBUTED STORAGE NETWORK”, filed Nov. 30, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 14/721,838, entitled “ADJUSTING TIMING OF STORING DATA IN A DISPERSED STORAGE NETWORK”, filed May 26, 2015, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,841,925 on Dec. 12, 2017, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/031,342, entitled “DISPERSED STORAGE NETWORK STORAGE RETRY MECHANISM”, filed Jul. 31, 2014, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to computer networks and more particularly to dispersing error encoded data.

Description of Related Art

Computing devices are known to communicate data, process data, and/or store data. Such computing devices range from wireless smart phones, laptops, tablets, personal computers (PC), work stations, and video game devices, to data centers that support millions of web searches, stock trades, or on-line purchases every day. In general, a computing device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory system, user input/output interfaces, peripheral device interfaces, and an interconnecting bus structure.

As is further known, a computer may effectively extend its CPU by using “cloud computing” to perform one or more computing functions (e.g., a service, an application, an algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc.) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large services, applications, and/or functions, cloud computing may be performed by multiple cloud computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response time for completion of the service, application, and/or function. For example, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distributed applications enabling application execution by thousands of computers.

In addition to cloud computing, a computer may use “cloud storage” as part of its memory system. As is known, cloud storage enables a user, via its computer, to store files, applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may include a RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system and/or a dispersed storage system that uses an error correction scheme to encode data for storage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed or distributed storage network (DSN) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a specific example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an example of a slice name of an encoded data slice (EDS) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error decoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9A is a schematic block diagram of a dispersed credentials embodiment of a dispersed storage network (DSN) in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 9B is a flowchart illustrating an example of recovering data in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed, or distributed, storage network (DSN) 10 that includes a plurality of computing devices 12-16, a managing unit 18, an integrity processing unit 20, and a DSN memory 22. The components of the DSN 10 are coupled to a network 24, which may include one or more wireless and/or wire lined communication systems; one or more non-public intranet systems and/or public internet systems; and/or one or more local area networks (LAN) and/or wide area networks (WAN).

The DSN memory 22 includes a plurality of storage units 36 that may be located at geographically different sites (e.g., one in Chicago, one in Milwaukee, etc.), at a common site, or a combination thereof. For example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, each storage unit is located at a different site. As another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, all eight storage units are located at the same site. As yet another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, a first pair of storage units are at a first common site, a second pair of storage units are at a second common site, a third pair of storage units are at a third common site, and a fourth pair of storage units are at a fourth common site. Note that a DSN memory 22 may include more or less than eight storage units 36. Further note that each storage unit 36 includes a computing core (as shown in FIG. 2, or components thereof) and a plurality of memory devices for storing dispersed error encoded data.

Each of the computing devices 12-16, the managing unit 18, and the integrity processing unit 20 include a computing core 26, which includes network interfaces 30-33. Computing devices 12-16 may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. Note that each of the managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 may be separate computing devices, may be a common computing device, and/or may be integrated into one or more of the computing devices 12-16 and/or into one or more of the storage units 36.

Each interface 30, 32, and 33 includes software and hardware to support one or more communication links via the network 24 indirectly and/or directly. For example, interface 30 supports a communication link (e.g., wired, wireless, direct, via a LAN, via the network 24, etc.) between computing devices 14 and 16. As another example, interface 32 supports communication links (e.g., a wired connection, a wireless connection, a LAN connection, and/or any other type of connection to/from the network 24) between computing devices 12 & 16 and the DSN memory 22. As yet another example, interface 33 supports a communication link for each of the managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 to the network 24.

Computing devices 12 and 16 include a dispersed storage (DS) client module 34, which enables the computing device to dispersed storage error encode and decode data as subsequently described with reference to one or more of FIGS. 3-9B. In this example embodiment, computing device 16 functions as a dispersed storage processing agent for computing device 14. In this role, computing device 16 dispersed storage error encodes and decodes data on behalf of computing device 14. With the use of dispersed storage error encoding and decoding, the DSN 10 is tolerant of a significant number of storage unit failures (the number of failures is based on parameters of the dispersed storage error encoding function) without loss of data and without the need for a redundant or backup copies of the data. Further, the DSN 10 stores data for an indefinite period of time without data loss and in a secure manner (e.g., the system is very resistant to unauthorized attempts at accessing the data).

In operation, the managing unit 18 performs DS management services. For example, the managing unit 18 establishes distributed data storage parameters (e.g., vault creation, distributed storage parameters, security parameters, billing information, user profile information, etc.) for computing devices 12-14 individually or as part of a group of user devices. As a specific example, the managing unit 18 coordinates creation of a vault (e.g., a virtual memory block associated with a portion of an overall namespace of the DSN) within the DSTN memory 22 for a user device, a group of devices, or for public access and establishes per vault dispersed storage (DS) error encoding parameters for a vault. The managing unit 18 facilitates storage of DS error encoding parameters for each vault by updating registry information of the DSN 10, where the registry information may be stored in the DSN memory 22, a computing device 12-16, the managing unit 18, and/or the integrity processing unit 20.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates and stores user profile information (e.g., an access control list (ACL)) in local memory and/or within memory of the DSN memory 22. The user profile information includes authentication information, permissions, and/or the security parameters. The security parameters may include encryption/decryption scheme, one or more encryption keys, key generation scheme, and/or data encoding/decoding scheme.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates billing information for a particular user, a user group, a vault access, public vault access, etc. For instance, the DSN managing unit 18 tracks the number of times a user accesses a non-public vault and/or public vaults, which can be used to generate per-access billing information. In another instance, the DSN managing unit 18 tracks the amount of data stored and/or retrieved by a user device and/or a user group, which can be used to generate per-data-amount billing information.

As another example, the managing unit 18 performs network operations, network administration, and/or network maintenance. Network operations includes authenticating user data allocation requests (e.g., read and/or write requests), managing creation of vaults, establishing authentication credentials for user devices, adding/deleting components (e.g., user devices, storage units, and/or computing devices with a DS client module 34) to/from the DSN 10, and/or establishing authentication credentials for the storage units 36. Network administration includes monitoring devices and/or units for failures, maintaining vault information, determining device and/or unit activation status, determining device and/or unit loading, and/or determining any other system level operation that affects the performance level of the DSN 10. Network maintenance includes facilitating replacing, upgrading, repairing, and/or expanding a device and/or unit of the DSN 10.

The integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding of ‘bad’ or missing encoded data slices. At a high level, the integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding by periodically attempting to retrieve/list encoded data slices, and/or slice names of the encoded data slices, from the DSN memory 22. For retrieved encoded slices, they are checked for errors due to data corruption, outdated version, etc. If a slice includes an error, it is flagged as a ‘bad’ slice. For encoded data slices that were not received and/or not listed, they are flagged as missing slices. Bad and/or missing slices are subsequently rebuilt using other retrieved encoded data slices that are deemed to be good slices to produce rebuilt slices. The rebuilt slices are stored in the DSN memory 22.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core 26 that includes a processing module 50, a memory controller 52, main memory 54, a video graphics processing unit 55, an input/output (IO) controller 56, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) interface 58, an IO interface module 60, at least one IO device interface module 62, a read only memory (ROM) basic input output system (BIOS) 64, and one or more memory interface modules. The one or more memory interface module(s) includes one or more of a universal serial bus (USB) interface module 66, a host bus adapter (HBA) interface module 68, a network interface module 70, a flash interface module 72, a hard drive interface module 74, and a DSN interface module 76.

The DSN interface module 76 functions to mimic a conventional operating system (OS) file system interface (e.g., network file system (NFS), flash file system (FFS), disk file system (DFS), file transfer protocol (FTP), web-based distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV), etc.) and/or a block memory interface (e.g., small computer system interface (SCSI), internet small computer system interface (iSCSI), etc.). The DSN interface module 76 and/or the network interface module 70 may function as one or more of the interface 30-33 of FIG. 1. Note that the IO device interface module 62 and/or the memory interface modules 66-76 may be collectively or individually referred to as IO ports.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data. When a computing device 12 or 16 has data to store it disperse storage error encodes the data in accordance with a dispersed storage error encoding process based on dispersed storage error encoding parameters. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters include an encoding function (e.g., information dispersal algorithm, Reed-Solomon, Cauchy Reed-Solomon, systematic encoding, non-systematic encoding, on-line codes, etc.), a data segmenting protocol (e.g., data segment size, fixed, variable, etc.), and per data segment encoding values. The per data segment encoding values include a total, or pillar width, number (T) of encoded data slices per encoding of a data segment i.e., in a set of encoded data slices); a decode threshold number (D) of encoded data slices of a set of encoded data slices that are needed to recover the data segment; a read threshold number (R) of encoded data slices to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set to be read from storage for decoding of the data segment; and/or a write threshold number (W) to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set that must be accurately stored before the encoded data segment is deemed to have been properly stored. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters may further include slicing information (e.g., the number of encoded data slices that will be created for each data segment) and/or slice security information (e.g., per encoded data slice encryption, compression, integrity checksum, etc.).

In the present example, Cauchy Reed-Solomon has been selected as the encoding function (a generic example is shown in FIG. 4 and a specific example is shown in FIG. 5); the data segmenting protocol is to divide the data object into fixed sized data segments; and the per data segment encoding values include: a pillar width of 5, a decode threshold of 3, a read threshold of 4, and a write threshold of 4. In accordance with the data segmenting protocol, the computing device 12 or 16 divides the data (e.g., a file (e.g., text, video, audio, etc.), a data object, or other data arrangement) into a plurality of fixed sized data segments (e.g., 1 through Y of a fixed size in range of Kilo-bytes to Tera-bytes or more). The number of data segments created is dependent of the size of the data and the data segmenting protocol.

The computing device 12 or 16 then disperse storage error encodes a data segment using the selected encoding function (e.g., Cauchy Reed-Solomon) to produce a set of encoded data slices. FIG. 4 illustrates a generic Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding function, which includes an encoding matrix (EM), a data matrix (DM), and a coded matrix (CM). The size of the encoding matrix (EM) is dependent on the pillar width number (T) and the decode threshold number (D) of selected per data segment encoding values. To produce the data matrix (DM), the data segment is divided into a plurality of data blocks and the data blocks are arranged into D number of rows with Z data blocks per row. Note that Z is a function of the number of data blocks created from the data segment and the decode threshold number (D). The coded matrix is produced by matrix multiplying the data matrix by the encoding matrix.

FIG. 5 illustrates a specific example of Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding with a pillar number (T) of five and decode threshold number of three. In this example, a first data segment is divided into twelve data blocks (D1-D12). The coded matrix includes five rows of coded data blocks, where the first row of X11-X14 corresponds to a first encoded data slice (EDS 1_1), the second row of X21-X24 corresponds to a second encoded data slice (EDS 2_1), the third row of X31-X34 corresponds to a third encoded data slice (EDS 3_1), the fourth row of X41-X44 corresponds to a fourth encoded data slice (EDS 4_1), and the fifth row of X51-X54 corresponds to a fifth encoded data slice (EDS 5_1). Note that the second number of the EDS designation corresponds to the data segment number.

Returning to the discussion of FIG. 3, the computing device also creates a slice name (SN) for each encoded data slice (EDS) in the set of encoded data slices. A typical format for a slice name 60 is shown in FIG. 6. As shown, the slice name (SN) 60 includes a pillar number of the encoded data slice (e.g., one of 1-T), a data segment number (e.g., one of 1-Y), a vault identifier (ID), a data object identifier (ID), and may further include revision level information of the encoded data slices. The slice name functions as, at least part of, a DSN address for the encoded data slice for storage and retrieval from the DSN memory 22.

As a result of encoding, the computing device 12 or 16 produces a plurality of sets of encoded data slices, which are provided with their respective slice names to the storage units for storage. As shown, the first set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_1 through EDS 5_1 and the first set of slice names includes SN 1_1 through SN 5_1 and the last set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_Y through EDS 5_Y and the last set of slice names includes SN 1_Y through SN 5_Y.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of a data object that was dispersed storage error encoded and stored in the example of FIG. 4. In this example, the computing device 12 or 16 retrieves from the storage units at least the decode threshold number of encoded data slices per data segment. As a specific example, the computing device retrieves a read threshold number of encoded data slices.

To recover a data segment from a decode threshold number of encoded data slices, the computing device uses a decoding function as shown in FIG. 8. As shown, the decoding function is essentially an inverse of the encoding function of FIG. 4. The coded matrix includes a decode threshold number of rows (e.g., three in this example) and the decoding matrix in an inversion of the encoding matrix that includes the corresponding rows of the coded matrix. For example, if the coded matrix includes rows 1, 2, and 4, the encoding matrix is reduced to rows 1, 2, and 4, and then inverted to produce the decoding matrix.

Dispersed credentials have many properties that make them resilient against off-line brute-force attacks against a user's password. However, in the event that a threshold number of authentication servers are compromised, this guarantee no longer exists and an attacker may use their computing resources to try many thousands or millions of password attempts per second (limited only by the computational resources at the disposal of the attacker). In one embodiment, as described in greater detail hereafter in association with FIGS. 9A and 9B, to limit the attacker's ability to crack the user's password after a threshold number of authentication server breaches, the dispersed credentials protocol may be amended to include additional parameters specifying a key derivation function, iteration count, or other specific parameters.

FIG. 9A is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a dispersed storage network (DSN) the distributed storage (DS) client module 34 of FIG. 1, the network 24 of FIG. 1, and a DST execution (EX) unit set 520. The DS client module 34 includes a key derivation function 522, a blinded password generator 526, a random number generator 524, a key re-generator 528, a decryptor 530, and dispersed storage (DS) error decoder 182. The DST execution unit set 520 includes a set of DST execution units 1-n each with memory 88 and processing module 84. Each DST execution unit may be implemented utilizing a Storage Unit (SU) 36 of FIG. 1.

The DSN functions to recover data stored in the DST execution unit set 520. In an example of operation of the recovering of the stored data, the key derivation function 522 performs a key derivation algorithm on a password 532 to produce a key 534. The key derivation algorithm generates the key 534 based on the password 532 in accordance with a number of desired bits for the key 534. Examples of the key derivation algorithm include, but are not limited to, at least one of industry algorithms PBKDF2, bcrypt, or scrypt. The key derivation function is costly to compute or includes parameters that increase the cost of the derivation, thus limiting brute force attacks. By making it time or memory consuming to attempt each candidate password, it becomes that much harder to try to guess the correct password. Such a key derivation algorithm may take 100 ms or more to process the password 532, thus providing an anti-hacking system performance improvement.

The random number generator 524 generates a set of random numbers b1-bn. The blinded password generator 526 generates a set of blinded passwords 1-n based on the key 534 and the set of random numbers b1-bn. For example, the blinded password generator 526 generates a first blinded password in accordance with the formula of: blinded password 1=[[MGF(KEY)]^2]^b1 modulo p; where MGF is a mask generating function, and p is a fixed number related to another fixed number q in accordance with a formula q=(p−1)/2. Having generated the set of blinded passwords 1-n, the DS client module 34 sends, via the network 24, the set of blinded passwords 1-n to the set of DST execution units 1-n.

The processing module 84 of each DST execution unit generates corresponding confidential information based on a received blinded password, a corresponding recovered random number of a set of original random numbers e1-en, and a retrieved encrypted slice, where a data segment of data was previously dispersed storage error encoded to produce a set of encoded data slices and where each encoded data slice was encrypted using a corresponding key of a set of keys to produce an encrypted slice of a set of encrypted slices and where the set of keys were generated based on the password and the set of original random numbers e1-en and that includes the corresponding recovered random number. For example, the DS processing module 84 of DST execution unit 1 recovers a first encrypted slice from the memory 88 of the DST execution unit 1, recovers a first original random number e1, generates a first passkey of a set of passkeys 1-n in accordance with a formula of: passkey 1=blinded password 1^e1 modulo p, and aggregates the first encrypted slice and the blinded password 1 to produce confidential information 1.

Having generated the corresponding confidential information, each DST execution unit sends the corresponding information to the DS client module 34. For example, the processing module 84 of the DST execution unit 1 sends, via the network 24, the confidential information 1 to the DS client module 34. The DS client module 34 receives at least a decode threshold number of a set of confidential information 1-n.

Having received the confidential information 1-n, the key re-generator 528 regenerates the set of keys 1-n based on received passkeys 1-n and the set of random numbers b1-bn when receiving passkeys 1-n. For example, the key re-generator 528 regenerates a first key in accordance with a formula of: key 1=passkey1^v1 modulo p, where v1 is derived based on a relationship of b1*v1=1 modulo q.

The decryptor 530 decrypts received encrypted slices 1-n using the regenerated set of keys 1-n to reproduce the set of encoded data slices 1-n. The DS error decoder 182 dispersed storage error decodes a decode threshold number of reproduced encoded data slices of the set of encoded data slices 1-n to produce recovered data 536.

Each of the formulas indicated in FIG. 9A discussions represents an example of a possible formula that works for its stated purpose. However, several other formulas, based on slightly different math, such as RSA, Elliptic Curves, etc., may be substituted without departing from the technology described herein. For example, the formulas provided herein are related to math of Diffie-Hellman.

FIG. 9B is a flowchart illustrating an example of recovering data. In particular, a method is presented for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-2, 3-8, and also FIG. 9A. The method begins or continues at step 538 where a processing module (e.g., of a distributed storage (DS) client module) performs a key derivation function on a password to produce a key. The method continues at step 540 where the processing module issues a set of blinded passwords to a set of storage units, where the blinded passwords are generated based on the key. For example, the processing module generates a first blinded password in accordance with a formula of: blinded password 1=[[MGF(KEY)]^2]^b1 modulo p, where b1 is a random number of a set of random numbers.

The method continues at step 542 where the processing module receives at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses, where each response includes an encrypted slice and an associated passkey, where a first passkey is generated by a corresponding storage unit in accordance with a formula of: passkey 1=bpass1^e1 modulo p; where e1 is a recovered random number associated with the encrypted slice and a corresponding original random number.

The method continues at step 544 where the processing module regenerates a set of keys using passkeys of the confidential information. For example, the processing module generates a first key of the set of keys in accordance with a formula of key 1=passkey1^v1 modulo p; where b1*v1=1 modulo q and where q=(p−1)/2.

The method continues at step 546 where the processing module decrypts a set of encrypted slices of the confidential information using the set of keys to reproduce a set of encoded data slices. For example, the processing module decrypts the encrypted slice 1 using the first key 1 to produce an encoded data slice 1 of the set of encoded data slices. The method continues at step 548 where the processing module dispersed storage error decodes a decode threshold number of the set of reproduced encoded data slices to produce recovered data.

The method described above in conjunction with the processing module can alternatively be performed by other modules of the dispersed storage network or by other computing devices. In addition, at least one memory section (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) that stores operational instructions can, when executed by one or more processing modules of one or more computing devices of the dispersed storage network (DSN), cause the one or more computing devices to perform any or all of the method steps described above.

It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’).

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1. As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality.

To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for execution by one or more processing modules of one or more computing devices of a dispersed storage network (DSN), the method comprises: performing a key derivation function on a password to produce a key; issuing a set of blinded passwords to a set of storage units, where the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key; receiving at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses, where each of the confidential information responses includes an encrypted encoded data slice and an associated passkey; regenerating a set of keys using the associated passkeys of the at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses; decrypting a set of encrypted encoded data slices of the confidential information using the set of keys to reproduce a set of encoded data slices; and dispersed storage error decoding a decode threshold number of the set of encoded data slices to produce recovered data.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the associated passkey includes at least a first passkey generated by a corresponding storage unit of the set of storage units in accordance with a formula of: passkey 1=bpass1^e1 modulo p, where e1 is a recovered random number associated with the encrypted encoded data slice and a corresponding original random number.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key includes generating a first blinded password in accordance with a formula of: blinded password 1=[[MGF(KEY)]^2]^b1 modulo p, where b1 is a random number of a set of random numbers.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the regenerating a set of keys using passkeys of the confidential information includes generating a first key of the set of keys in accordance with a formula of key 1=passkey1^v1 modulo p; where b1*v1=1 modulo q and where q=(p−1)/2.
 5. The method of claim 4 further comprises decrypting an encrypted data slice 1 using the first key 1 to produce an encoded data slice 1 of the set of encoded data slices.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the key derivation function includes at least one algorithm requiring increased time or memory resources while attempting each of a plurality of candidate passwords.
 7. A computing device of a group of computing devices of a dispersed storage network (DSN), the computing device comprises: an interface; a local memory; and a processing module operably coupled to the interface and the local memory, wherein the processing module functions to: perform a key derivation function on a password to produce a key; issue a set of blinded passwords to a set of storage units, where the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key; receive at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses, where each of the confidential information responses includes an encrypted encoded data slice and an associated passkey; regenerate a set of keys using the associated passkeys of the at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses; decrypt a set of encrypted encoded data slices of the confidential information using the set of keys to reproduce a set of encoded data slices; and disperse storage error decoding a decode threshold number of the set of encoded data slices to produce recovered data.
 8. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the associated passkey includes at least a first passkey generated by a corresponding storage unit of the set of storage units in accordance with a formula of: passkey 1=bpass1^e1 modulo p, where e1 is a recovered random number associated with the encrypted encoded data slice and a corresponding original random number.
 9. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key includes generating a first blinded password in accordance with a formula of: blinded password 1=[[MGF(KEY)]^2]^b1 modulo p, where b1 is a random number of a set of random numbers.
 10. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the regenerate a set of keys using passkeys of the confidential information includes generating a first key of the set of keys in accordance with a formula of key 1=passkey1^v1 modulo p; where b1*v1=1 modulo q and where q=(p−1)/2.
 11. The computing device of claim 10 further comprises decrypting an encrypted data slice 1 using the first key 1 to produce an encoded data slice 1 of the set of encoded data slices.
 12. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the key derivation function includes at least one algorithm requiring increased time or memory resources while attempting each of a plurality of candidate passwords.
 13. A distributed storage network (DSN) system comprises: a plurality of DSN storage units; a dispersed storage client module including: an interface; a local memory; and a processing module operably coupled to the interface and the local memory, wherein the processing module functions to: perform a key derivation function on a password to produce a key; issue a set of blinded passwords to a set of the plurality of DSN storage units, where the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key; receive at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses, where each of the confidential information responses includes an encrypted encoded data slice and an associated passkey; regenerate a set of keys using the associated passkeys of the at least a decode threshold number of confidential information responses; decrypt a set of encrypted encoded data slices of the confidential information using the set of keys to reproduce a set of encoded data slices; and disperse storage error decoding a decode threshold number of the set of encoded data slices to produce recovered data.
 14. The DSN system of claim 13, wherein the associated passkey includes at least a first passkey generated by a corresponding storage unit of the set of the plurality of DSN storage units in accordance with a formula of: passkey 1=bpass1^e1 modulo p, where e1 is a recovered random number associated with the encrypted encoded data slice and a corresponding original random number.
 15. The DSN system of claim 13, wherein the set of blinded passwords are generated based on the key includes generating a first blinded password in accordance with a formula of: blinded password 1=[[MGF(KEY)]^2]^b1 modulo p, where b1 is a random number of a set of random numbers.
 16. The DSN system of claim 13, wherein the regenerate a set of keys using passkeys of the confidential information includes generating a first key of the set of keys in accordance with a formula of key 1=passkey1^v1 modulo p; where b1*v1=1 modulo q and where q=(p−1)/2.
 17. The DSN system of claim 16 further comprises decrypting an encrypted data slice 1 using the first key 1 to produce an encoded data slice 1 of the set of encoded data slices.
 18. The DSN system of claim 13, wherein the key derivation function includes at least one algorithm requiring increased time or memory resources while attempting each of a plurality of candidate passwords. 